The average total exposure was 4.396 μg/kg bw, with limited influence by age and gender. For the risk characterization of acute oral exposure, the margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated using both deterministic and probabilistic (Monte Carlo method) approaches. Following the K-means clustering test, two clusters were determined for food product intake. To determine food consumption values, a 24-h recall survey was used. Detection of Ni was carried out using atomic absorption spectrometry. This study, the first conducted in Armenia, aimed to assess the dietary exposure of the adult Yerevan population (1272 subjects of both sexes) to Ni in a total diet study (TDS). Oral exposure to Ni can induce a variety of adverse effects the European Food Safety Authority established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 13 μg/kg bw and a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) of 4.3 μg/kg bw to assess the risk of allergic reactions upon acute exposure. Nickel (Ni) is a widespread metal that occurs in food and drinking water from both natural and anthropogenic sources.
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